Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Read any of the first ten essays below and write a short essay on your thoughts.

Type 3 Female Genital Mutilation and Ostetric Outcomes - by Marina Koch

Health Education and Female Genital Mutilation - by Marina Koch

Cross-border Female Genital Mutilation in East Africa (Policy Brief, UNFPA-East & Southern Africa) — discusses how FGM practices cross national borders in East Africa, legal/policy frameworks, prevention and response options.

A Profile of Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya (UNICEF) — offers statistics, trends, social norms, and regional variation within a single East African country.

Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation/cutting in Sub-Saharan Africa (Reproductive Health Journal) — examines what factors (age, education, wealth, urban/rural, etc.) are associated with FGM prevalence and continuation.

Female genital mutilation/cutting in Africa (Odukogbe, A.T.A. et al.) — a broad review of practice, health, cultural, legal, and policy dimensions across Africa, including some East African case material.

Combating female genital mutilation in Northeast (Horn) Region (PMC / peer-reviewed article) — focuses on the Horn of Africa (e.g. Somalia, Ethiopia) region: challenges and strategies.

Supporting the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation: in the context of migration (IOM) — while not East Africa only, gives useful essays/case studies on how migration contexts affect FGM and what can be done.

Female Circumcision: The History, the Current Prevalence and the Approach to a Patient (Jewel Llamas, Univ. of Virginia) — historical, medical, anthropological overview, which includes data relevant for policy and practice.

The Long Overdue Regional Law on Female Genital Mutilation: A Welcome Initiative in East Africa (Equality Now, Policy Brief 2025) — looks at recent law-making at the East African Community (EAC) level, features, possible impacts.

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Below Are student essays. you can write an essay that compares or contrasts or references at least three of these essays.

Safety, Ethnic Groups, FGM, and Accommodations in my village in the Gambia

Female Genital Mutilation: A Visual Reference and Overview 

Policy Brief on Cross-Border FGM: UNFPA ESARO 

UNFPA Policy Brief on Cross-Border Female Genital Mutilation 

UNICEF, Profile of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Kenya (2020) 

Female Genital Mutilation, (AME Medical Journal)

Profile of Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya 

A Welcome Initiative in East Africa: EAC FGM Policy Brief

The Harmful Effects of Female Genital Mutilation Amongst the Vai

My opinion on Cross-Border FGM: Lessons for Togo 

My views on the Kenyan FGM Profile: Lessons for Togo 

Challenges and Insights on FGM Combating Efforts in the Horn of Africa: Reflections for Togo