Iyothee Thass: Pioneer of Anti-Caste Reform and Buddhist Revival in India

Jamila Niamey (Niger Republic)

Iyothee Thass (1845–1914) stands out as one of the earliest and most visionary anti-caste activists in modern Indian history. His life’s work challenged entrenched systems of oppression and reimagined identity and dignity for the Dalit (then called Paraiyar) community. Three of his most important contributions were: (1) his rejection of caste through a return to Buddhism, (2) the founding of the Panchamar Mahajana Sabha to organize marginalized communities, and (3) his use of media and education to challenge dominant narratives.

First, Thass’s conversion to Buddhism and his call for the Paraiyar community to do the same was revolutionary. He argued that Dalits were not Hindus, but originally Buddhists, and that caste was not a part of Buddhism. By reclaiming this identity, he offered a dignified alternative to a religion that marginalized them. This move later inspired figures like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, showing the long-term impact of his vision.

Second, in 1891, Thass founded the Panchamar Mahajana Sabha, one of the first organized efforts to politically and socially uplift Dalits (then referred to as Panchamas or outcastes). Through this organization, he mobilized people, raised consciousness about caste injustice, and demanded equal rights. At a time when most Dalits were excluded from public life, this was a powerful step toward collective empowerment.

Third, Thass used writing, education, and media to articulate a counter-history. Through his Tamil newspaper, Oru Paisa Tamizhan, he challenged Brahminical dominance and argued that Dalits were the original inhabitants of India. His efforts to educate his community and use print media to resist oppression were pioneering strategies for social reform.

Reflecting on Iyothee Thass’s work, I am struck by how deeply he understood the power of identity, history, and collective action. He didn’t just resist oppression—he reimagined a world where Dalits could live with pride and equality. His vision was rooted in historical truth, spiritual dignity, and political clarity. As someone living in a society where caste discrimination still persists in subtle and overt ways, Thass’s courage to speak out and organize inspires me to question inherited narratives and work towards justice in my own way. His legacy reminds us that change begins when we challenge the foundations of inequality—and offer a compelling alternative rooted in dignity and truth.